Between gift and commodity: Engelhardt’s bioethical reflections on organ transplantation

Abstract

The global shortage of transplantable organs is becoming increasingly acute, prompting intensified debates over the ethical acceptability and feasibility of various forms of financial compensation for donors. Although organ donation in exchange for payment is legally prohibited in most countries, the prospect of a regulated market has gained support—even among some Christian bioethicists. Among the most notable proponents is H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., arguably the only Orthodox Christian bioethicist who openly contends that there is no fundamental moral objection to receiving or even requesting monetary compensation for organ donation. This article explores the ethical implications of compensated organ donation through the lens of Engelhardt’s bioethical thought, examining the reasoning and consequences of his position. It further argues that his perspective represents a personal philosophical stance rather than a reflection of the broader Orthodox theological tradition. Finally, the article underscores the need for sustained moral vigilance and ideological awareness in resisting the commodification of the human body, calling for ethical safeguards that transcend legal prohibitions.

Keywords: Bioethics, Medical Ethics, Organ Transplantation, Organ Donation, H. T. Engelhardt