As shared on these wiki-pages also, under the sections on "web-based resources", in 2016 a very useful overview of ISA-95 (legacy) and the many standards that may be mapped and are relevant for the smart factory "ecosystem" models was provided by NIST (2016): http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8107.

It has been said that there are already too many standards- are not enough solutions... so we should all be mindful of the balance of theory and practice.  Standards need to demonstrate their usefulness over time, and we all need to reflect on how our "communities of practice" may help focus the best possible use of standards, while managing innovation and real-world solutions as a part of our culture and everyday thinking. The emerging "smart grids" is a hot topic, and has been for a while, not least in Ukraine where the war and extra cold weather make most solutions time-critical and there is little time to reflect perhaps.
In 2020 NIST (again based on the US-perspective) published the "DRAFT NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 4.0",   including the text

"Interoperability depends on a consistent understanding of the language used to describe
capabilities and requirements for devices, systems, and actors. To facilitate this common
understanding of the language of the grid, NIST has applied a cyber-physical systems
ontology [39] to the smart grid."

That motivation also guides our use of standards for smart, sustainable manufacturing- with increasing use of microgrids to power the production.

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  1. Niels Peter Østbø AUTHOR

    02.02.2026

    On the link between Smart Grids and Smart Manufacturing - from the IIC/Digital Twin Consortium in 2016, just as relevant today:

    "The current power infrastructure is aging and in need of fundamental improvements. In addition, it is under rising threat from cyber-security incidents. Considering all these factors, there seems to be a perfect storm driving the need for fundamental changes in the power grid." in the introduction section from:

    Applying the Industrial Internet Reference Architecture to the Smart Grid Testbed
    Representing an emergent microcosm of the larger power grid, a microgrid is a strong solution for addressing some of the problems outlined above and presents an ideal Industrial Internet demonstration project for the power sector
    -From IIC Members National Instruments, RTI and Thingswise