@article{Mamelund_2009, title={Diffusjon av influensa i Norge under spanskesyken 1918-19}, volume={8}, url={https://www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/norepid/article/view/426}, DOI={10.5324/nje.v8i1.426}, abstractNote={<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">SAMMENDRAG</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">Spanskesyken var en verdensomspennende influensaepidemi som tok livet av minst 30 millioner mennesker,</p><p align="left">de fleste i løpet av noen få høstmåneder i 1918, men den strakk seg også inn i 1919. En siste svak</p><p align="left">bølge fant sted vinteren 1920. De første sporadiske tilfellene av spanskesyken i Norge oppsto i militærleire</p><p align="left">i begynnelsen av april 1918. Over tre måneder senere kom de første spredte tilfellene av det som skulle</p><p align="left">vise seg å være starten på en ny stor influensapandemi. De første av disse oppsto i Kristiania, mest sannsynlig</p><p align="left">etter smitteimport fra Skottland over Nordsjøen. Sommeren 1918 spredte spanskesyken seg raskt fra</p><p align="left">sør til nord, fra kysten til innlandet innover fjordene, og fra de største byene og industrisentra via mindre</p><p align="left">byer og andre tettsteder til landsbygda langs de viktigste ferdselsveiene. Da spanskesyken blusset opp igjen</p><p align="left">høsten 1918 spredte den seg langsommere og trolig fra nord til sør, fortsatt fra kysten innover fjordene,</p><p align="left">men spredning fra byene langs kommunikasjonsveiene var mindre fremtredende. Vinteren 1918/19</p><p align="left">opptrådte influensaen spredt og sporadisk, tilsynelatende uten bestemt spredningsmønster og rekkefølge.</p><p align="left">Jernbanen, hurtigruten og automobilrutene spilte trolig en viktig rolle i spredningsprosessen, spesielt andre</p><p align="left">halvår 1918. Ulik sosial interaksjon, for eksempel et marked som samlet store folkemengder, kan bidra til å</p><p align="left">forklare eksplosive utbrudd av influensa og diffusjon på lavt geografisk nivå.</p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">Mamelund S-E.</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">The diffusion of influenza in Norway during the 1918-19 Pandemic.</span></span></strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><p align="left">Nor J Epidemiol</p><p align="left"> </p></span></span></em></span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">ENGLISH SUMMARY</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">In 1918-1919, a world-wide pandemic, the Spanish Influenza, swept over the entire globe, killing at least</p><p align="left">30 million people, most of them during the fall of 1918. A last, but small and less defined wave occurred in</p><p align="left">the winter of 1920. The first sporadic cases of Spanish Influenza in Norway are known from army camps</p><p align="left">in the early days of April 1918. More than three months later, the first scattered cases, clearly part of a</p><p align="left">pandemic wave, appeared in the capital of Kristiania, probably imported across the North Sea from</p><p align="left">Scotland. In the summer of 1918, influenza diffused rapidly along the coast towards northern Norway,</p><p align="left">from the coast to the inland along the fjords, and from the largest cities, centres of industry and commerce</p><p align="left">down the urban hierarchy to rural areas along major communication networks. During the autumn of 1918,</p><p align="left">influenza diffused much more slowly, this time probably from north to south, still from the coast and</p><p align="left">inland along the fjords, but outward diffusion from cities along communication networks was less</p><p align="left">prominent. In the winter of 1918/19, influenza occurred in a scattered way, apparently without any</p><p align="left">particular order or pattern of diffusion. Railways, coastal steamers and automobiles probably played an</p><p align="left">important role as agents for movement of disease carriers, especially during the second half of 1918.</p><p align="left">Communal activities which brought susceptibles together during a critical period, for instance a large fair,</p><p align="left">provided excellent conditions for rapid spread of the disease. Such activities can help explain the many</p><p>sudden and heavy outbreaks of influenza and diffusion pattern on a geographical micro level.</p></span></span></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">1998; </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">8 </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1): 45-58.</span></span></p>}, number={1}, journal={Norsk Epidemiologi}, author={Mamelund, Svenn-Erik}, year={2009}, month={Oct.} }