First records of Lasiodiamesa gracilis ( Kieffer , 1924 ) , Parochlus kiefferi ( Garrett , 1925 ) and several other Chironomidae from the Czech Republic and Slovakia

The species composition of the Chironomidae fauna in the Czech Republic is still poorly known despite a long tradition in Chironomidae research, already established by Prof. Jan Zavřel in the beginning of the 20th century. The major reasons are a low number of researchers dealing with Chironomidae in the Czech Republic and their traditional focus on larvae, which usually cannot be identified to species. As a result, only a small portion of the chironomid fauna living in the Czech Republic has been discovered so far and many chironomid species are first to be recorded in the future. This concerns both (common) species that are already known from Slovakia and other neighbouring countries, and species living in poorly studied habitats, such as montane springs or bogs.

Times are getting better.Recently, Ivan Skála (2011Skála ( , 2012Skála ( , 2013Skála ( , 2014) ) contributed to the list of species known from the Czech Republic and the last Chironomidae Symposium revealed even a new subfamily (Ashe et al. 2014).
The first author of this paper came across some new records as well, and this is the first time an annotated list of these species from the Czech Republic is provided.

Podonominae
In Europe, the representatives of the subfamily Podonominae are found mostly in Scandinavia, but they are also known from several other countries across Europe including all countries neighbouring the Czech Republic (Bitušík andBrabec 2009, Saether andSpies 2015).The Czech Republic has been an exception.Two species of Podonominae are now recorded from the Czech Republic for the first time.
Lasiodiamesa gracilis (Kieffer 1924) During the first-author's (VS) visits to his grandmother living in Škrdlovice he regularly collected pupal exuviae from a peat pool within a mineral poor Sphagnum fen, Radostínské rašeliniště National Nature Reserve (Fig. 1).This small reserve is located in the Žďárské Vrchy Protected Landscape Area within the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands.VS found a single pupal exuviae of Lasiodiamesa on 14 May 2011 and identified it as L. gracilis.Despite the fact that the identification was confirmed by P. Langton at the Chironomid Symposium in Trondheim a few months later, VS felt uncertainty about it because of subtle characters that discriminate this species from L. sphagnicola (Kieffer 1925).
During one of his next visits, 15 March 2015 VS succeeded to collect tens of larvae of Lasiodiamesa from the same locality and reared two male and several female adults.Adult males bear much better characters than pupae and the two males could be easily identified as L. gracilis using the key by Brundin (1966).
The habitat where the species was found corresponds well with the known restriction of the genus to Sphagnum bogs in the Middle Europe, where it is considered a glacial relict, as stated by Brundin (1966).Radostínské rašeliniště Sphagnum bog is the only place in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands where pools are developed, while the closest Sphagnum bogs with pools may be found as far away as in Sudetenland.Indeed, the closest known locality is the type locality just across the Czech/Poland border in Poland some 90 km to the north from the Radostínské rašeliniště (Brundin 1966, Saether andSpies 2015).Other populations may be expected in Sudetenland, however VS has been unsuccessful there so far.This might be caused by the rarity of the species as stated by Verberk et al. (2003), but also by unsuitable time of the author's sampling -in late spring and summer the species might be already emerged and can not be found in water anymore.Other known localities in Europe are in The Netherlands (Verberk et al. 2003) and in Scandinavia (Brundin 1966, Saether andSpies 2015).1.

Parochlus kiefferi (Garrett 1925)
On a cross-country skiing trip on 20 February 2015 in the Krkonoše Mountains National Park (Giant Mts.) VS collected a tuft of decomposing vegetation with mosses from a helocrene spring located just next to a ski-track (Fig. 2).This spring is usually covered with snow in the winter, but due to the combination of lack of snowfall during the previous days, sunny weather and slope exposition to the south, it was uncommonly snow-free at that time.The inspection of the collected material back in the laboratory revealed one larva of Parochlus.
The identification of Parochlus larvae into species is not possible, but only a single species P. kiefferi is known from the northern hemisphere.Thus, the collected specimen most certainly belongs to this species.P. kiefferi seems to be cold-stenothermic, living mostly in cold springs and upper courses of spring-fed streams (Brundin 1966).It was also reported from large streams with strong current in North America (Brundin 1966) or from moss in a pond fed by ice-melt water in Italian Alps (Lencioni et al. 2007).
It is possible that the species emerges just after the snow melts and is no longer present at the locality, as was observed by Wülker (1958) in Feldberg springs.Such phenology would prevent the species from being recorded by conventional sampling, which is usually carried out in the vegetation season.It is worth noting, however, that in some regions the species emerges practically throughout the whole snow-free period: from the beginning of June to the beginning of October in Swedish mountains or from the end of April to the beginning of November in temperate Canada (Brundin 1966).In the Italian Alps, Lencioni et al. (2007) recorded a pupal exuviae in the middle of September.Please see Table 1 for summarized information.

Other species new to the Czech Republic
Traditionally, the area of the Czech Republic is divided into Bohemia (the western part) and Moravia (the eastern part).New records are therefore designated for these parts separately.Apart from the two Podonominae species we recorded further 111 chironomid species that are new to either part of Czech Republic, to Czech Republic as a whole, or exceptionally to Slovakia.All these records are summarized in Table 1.
As the species were recorded from 65 localities (Appendix 1), we use abbreviations to refer to them in the table.Most localities may be classified either as helocrene springs (abbreviation starts with H followed by a number), flowing waters (F) or standing waters (S).Two highly artificial localities were kept separately as other (O).The details about the localities are given in appendix 1.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. A spring close to Nová Klínovka chalet (in the background) in the eastern part of a meadow called Klínové Boudy, The Krkonoše Mountains National Park.Parochlus kiefferi sampling site (site nr.H11 in the List).Photographed during sampling 20 February 2015.