Quotes

A quote is a word by word rendering of something somebody else has written.

When using quotes, you should mark these in a way that makes it easy for the reader to see what is a quote and what is your own text.

Quotes of 3 lines or less are placed in quotation marks (before and after). The number in ascending order is placed in brackets immediately following the quote. If the quote is over 3 lines it should be its own indented paragraph, without quotation marks. Even if you decide to include the author's name in-text, you are required to give the ascending number in brackets following the quote.

References

• The reference is written with an arabic number put in brackets behind the reference.
• You need to give a reference even when the author's name is stated in the sentence.
• If you refer to a source more than once, you should use the same number you used the first time you referred to that particular source.
• If you refer to several sources in one sentence, you may give them this way: (2-4) that is, 2 through 4, and (2-4,8) that is, 2 through 4 and 8.

The information on how to write in-text references and reference lists in the Vancouver style is retrieved from the NLM's style guide Citing medicine (1) and References/Bibliography Vancouver Style (2). There is no official manual of the Vancouver style, but the NLM's style guide is now considered the most authoritative manual.

1. Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 [updated 2009 Oct 21; cited 2011 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine

2. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style [Internet]. Queensland: University of Queensland; [cited 2011 Jan 10]. Available from: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf

The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, include a list of sample references in the Vancouver style.

Subject to errors.

Short quote:
Your text. ”Sitering vil si ordrett gjengivelse av andres arbeider. Da skal det være ordrett, og ikke misbrukt i forhold til den sammenheng sitatet brukes i” (3, p.125). Your own text continues.

Longer quote:
Your own text.

Your own text continues.

The name of the author is integrated in the body copy:
Stene defines quoting in these terms: ”Sitering vil si ordrett gjengivelse av andres arbeider. Da skal det være ordrett, og ikke misbrukt i forhold til den sammenhengen sitatet brukes i” (3, p.125). Your own text continues.

Reference with multiple authors:
Your own text. ”Ved direkte sitater skal henvisningen gi informasjon om forfatter, årstall og sidetall” (4, p.141). Your own text continues.
or
Furseth and Everett states: ”Ved direkte sitater skal henvisningen gi informasjon om forfatter, årstall og sidetall” (4, p.141). Your own text continues.

More than 6 authors: Wakefield et al. (8), your own text.

Original text: The use of references and bibliographies is primarily based on the ideal of research as a collective endeavor. Here, a key point is the verifiability of research. You must account for where you have retrieved your information, as well as refer to it in such a manner that others may follow your sources and find the same information you did (4).

Edited text: Furseth and Everett (4) claim that the primary reason behind use of references and bibliographies is the ideal of research as a collective endeavor. Research should be verifiable, and those reading your work should be able to find those sources your material is based upon.

Researchers such as Warwick, Alt and King and Warwick and Easton (7-9) has claimed…

Taylor and Herman, Sanders and Herman and King et al. (10-12) find that…

• Several publications by the same author published in the same year: Hansen (15) and Hansen (16)
• References that are used more than once: If you refer to a source more than once you should use the same number each time.