Quotes

A quote is a word by word rendering of something somebody else has written.

When using quotes, you should mark these in a way that makes it easy for the reader to see what is a quote and what is your own text.

A short quotation (fewer than 40 words) should be integrated in the text and placed within quotation marks. The author's name, the year and the page number should be put in brackets directly following the quote. A quotation of 40 or more words should be set as a separate paragraph by the use of block quotation, without quotation marks. Author name, year and page number should be placed in brackets directly following the quote. If you decide to integrate the author's name in your own text, you only need to give year and page number in the brackets following the quote.

References

• Several publications the same year by the same author is indicated by placing a, b, c, and so on after the year.
• When using secondary sources, you should name your source and give the secondary source quote.
• If a source has no author or if the author is anonymous, you should give the title's first words and the year. Title of article or chapter is indicated by quotation marks, whereas the title of books, brochures or reports is written in italics.
• Publications with multiple authors which you refer to several times in the text:
  • 2 authors: name both authors each time you quote them. Example: Furseth and Everett (1997) – or – (Furseth & Everett, 1997)
  • 3, 4 or 5 authors: name all authors first time you quote them. From then on use only the surname of the first author, followed by et al. Example: Ramaekers, Berghausb, Laarc and Drummer (2004), followed by Ramaekers et al. (2004)
  • 6 or more authors: only give the first author's surname, followed by et al. Example: Cheng et al. (2004)

Information on how to write in-text references and reference lists in the APA style is retrieved from the website APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org) and from American Psychological Association (2010).

Subject to errors.

Short quote:
Your text. ”Sitering vil si ordrett gjengivelse av andres arbeider. Da skal det være ordrett, og ikke misbrukt i forhold til den sammenheng sitatet brukes i” (Stene, 1999, p. 125). Your own text continues.

Longer quote:
Your own text.

Your own text continues.

The name of the author is integrated in the body copy:
Stene (1999) defines quoting in these terms: ”Sitering vil si ordrett gjengivelse av andres arbeider. Da skal det være ordrett, og ikke misbrukt i forhold til den sammenheng sitatet brukes i” (p. 125). Your own text continues.

Reference with multiple authors:
Your own text. ”Ved direkte sitater skal henvisningen gi informasjon om forfatter, årstall og sidetall” (Furseth & Everett, 1997, p. 141). Your own text continues.
or
Furseth and Everett (1997) states: ”Ved direkte sitater skal henvisningen gi informasjon om forfatter, årstall og sidetall” (p. 141). Your own text continues.

More than 6 authors:
Wakefield et al. (1998), your own text.

Original text: The use of references and bibliographies is primarily based on the ideal of research as a collective endeavor. Here, a key point is the verifiability of research. You must account for where you have retrieved your information, as well as refer to it in such a manner that others may follow your sources and find the same information you did (Furseth & Everett, 1997, p. 142).

Edited text: Furseth and Everett (1997) claim that the primary reason behind use of references and bibliographies is the ideal of research as a collective endeavor. Research should be verifiable, and those reading your work should be able to find those sources your material is based upon (p. 142).

Scientists such as Warwick (1992), Alt and King (1994) and Warwick and Easton (1992) has claimed…

Taylor and Herman (1971), Sanders and Herman (1977) and King et al. (1990) suggest that…

• Published works by the same author at the same year: Hansen (1988a) and Hansen (1988b)
• Secondary sources: Johnson and Peters' studies (quoted in Wagner, 1982)…
• Anonymous work: Et enklere og mer rettferdig inntektssystem (1996)
• Publication with several references to several authors:
  • 2 authors: Furseth and Everett (1997) – or – (Furseth & Everett, 1997) each time
  • 3, 4 or 5 authors: Ramaekers, Berghaus, Laarc and Drummer (2004), followed by Ramaekers et al. (2004)
  • 6 or more authors: Cheng et al. (2004)