Publikasjoner

Liste med vitenskapelige publikasjoner hvor ansatte ved institutt of bioteknologi er (minst) en av forfatterne. Listen er sortert på publikasjonsår.

2013   Blancheton, J. P., Attramadal, K. J. K., Michaud, L., Roque d'Orbcastele, E. and Vadstein, O.  Insight into bacterial population in aquaculture systems and its implication. Aquacult. Eng.  53, 30-39.
2013  

Chauton, M. S., Winge, P., Brembu, T., Vadstein, O. and Bones, A. M. Gene Regulation of Carbon Fixation, Storage, and Utilization in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Acclimated to Light/Dark Cycles 1(C)(W)(OA). Plant Physiol. 161, 1–15
2013   Dobrovolska, O. Structure-functional characterization of mammalian redox proteins: Methione sulfoxide reductase B1 (MsrB1), Glutaredoxin domain (Grx) of TGR, and Thioredoxin (Trx). Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2013   Hauser, I., Colaço, A. B., Skjæran, J. A., Einbu, A., Østgaard, K., Svendsen, H. F. and Cervantes, F. J. Biological N Removal from Wastes Generated from Amine-Based CO2 Capture: Case Monoethanolamine. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 169,1449–1458.
2013   Hauser, I., Einbu, A., Østgaard, K., Svendsen, H. F. and Cervantes, F. J. Biodegradation of amine waste generated from post-combustion CO2 capture in a moving bed biofilm treatment system. Biotechnol. Lett., 35, 219–224.
2013   Heggeset, T. M. B., Kucharova, V., Nærdal, I., Valla, S., Sletta, H., Ellingsen, T. E. and Brautaset, T. Combinatorial Mutagenesis and Selection of Improved Signal Sequences and Their Application for High-Level Production of Translocated Heterologous Proteins in Escherichia coli. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 79, (2), 559–568.
2013:80   Kes, M. Ageing of Cellulosic Insulations in Transformer Oil. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2013   Kes, M. and Christensen, B. E. A re-investigation of the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada parameters for cellulose in Cuen: A study based on size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle light scattering and viscometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1281, 32– 37.
2013   Kaale, L. D., Eikevik, T. M., Rustad, T., Nordtvedt, T. S., Bardal, T. and Kjørsvik, E. Ice crystal development in pre-rigor Atlantic salmon fillets during superchilling process and following storage. Food Control 31, 491-498.
2013   Malmo, J., Sandvig, A., Vårum, K. M. and Strand, S. P. Nanoparticle Mediated P-Glycoprotein Silencing for Improved Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier: A siRNA-Chitosan Approach. PLOS ONE 8, (1), e54182.
2013   Maurstad, G., Stokke, B. T., Vårum, K. M. and Strand, S. P.  PEGylated chitosan complexes DNA while improving polyplex colloidal stability and gene transfection efficiency. Carbohyd. Polym.  94, 436– 443.
2013   Qin, F., Sletmoen, M., Stokke, B. T. and Christensen, B. E. Higher order structures of a bioactive, water-soluble (1→3)-b-d-glucan derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Carbohyd. Polym. 92, 1026– 1032.
2013   Rieder, A., Grimmer, S., Aachmann, F. L., Westereng, B., Kolset, S. O. and Knutsen, S. H. Generic tools to assess genuine carbohydrate specific effects on in vitro immune modulation exemplified by b-glucans. Carbohyd. Polym. 92, 2075– 2083.
2013   Rokstad, A. M., Brekken, O.-L., Steinkjer, B., Ryan, L., Kolláriková, G., Strand, B. L., Skjåk-Bræk, G., Lambris, J. D., Lacík, I., Mollnes, T. E. and Espevik, T. The induction of cytokines by polycation containing microspheres by a complement dependent mechanism. Biomaterials 34, 621-630.
2013   Stafsnes, M., Dybwad, M., Brunsvik, A. and Bruheim, P.  Large scale MALDI-TOF MS based taxa identification to identify novel pigment producers in a marine bacterial culture collection. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 103, 603–615.
2013   Westereng, B., Agger, J. W., Horn, S. J., Vaaje-Kolstad, G., Aachmann, F. L., Stenstrøm, Y. H. and Eijsink, V. G. H. Efficient separation of oxidized cello-oligosaccharides generated by cellulose degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Journal of Chromatography A 1271, 144– 152.
2013:26   Aarstad, O. A. Alginate sequencing -Block distribution in alginates and its impact on macroscopic properties. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2012   Almaas, E., Bruheim, P., Lale, R. and Valla, S. Dynamics and robustness of metabolic networks: A systems biology review of Escherichia coli metabolism. In Systems Microbiology - Current Topics and Applications. Edited by Robertson, B. D. and Wren, B. W. Caister Academic Press. 17-45.
2012   Alvarez, L. H. and Cervantes, F. J. Assessing the impact of alumina nanoparticles in an anaerobic consortium: methanogenic and humus reducing activity. Appl. Microbio.l Biotechnol. 95, (5), 1323-1331.
2012   Alvarez, L. H., Jimenez-Bermudez, L. and Cervantes, F. J. Enhanced dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by immobilized fulvic acids on alumina particles. Water Air Soil Pollut. 223, 1911-1920.
2012   Andersen, T., Melvik, J. E., Gåserød, O., Alsberg, E. and Christensen, B. E. Ionically Gelled Alginate Foams: Physical Properties Controlled by Operational and Macromolecular Parameters. Biomacromolecules, 13, 3703-3710.
2012   Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E. and Christensen, B. E. Alginates as biomaterials in tissue engineering. In Carbohydrate Chemistry - Chemical and Biological Approaches. Edited by Rauter, A. P. and Lindhorst, T. K. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 227-258.
2012   Attramadal, K. J. K., Tøndel, B., Salvesen, I., Øie, G., Vadstein, O. and Olsen, Y. Ceramic clay reduces the load of organic matter and bacteria in marine fish larval culture tanks. Aquacult. Eng. 49, 23– 34.
2012   Attramadal, K. J. K., Øie, G., Størseth, T. R., Alver, M. O., Vadstein, O. and Olsen, Y. The effects of moderate ozonation or high intensity UV-irradiation on the microbial environment in RAS for marine larvae. Aquaculture 330–333, 121–129.
2012   Attramadal, K. J. K., Salvesen, I., Xue, R., Øie, G., Størseth, T. R., Vadstein, O. and Olsen, Y. Recirculation as a possible microbial control strategy in the production of marine larvae. Aquacult. Eng. 46, 27– 39.
2012   Austarheim, I., Christensen, B. E., Hegna, I. K., Petersen, B. O., Duus, J. O., Bye, R., Michaelsen, T. E., Diallo, D., Inngjerdingen, M. and Paulsen, B. S. Chemical and biological characterization of pectin-like polysaccharides from the bark of the Malian medicinal tree Cola cordifolia. Carbohyd. Polym. 89, 259– 268.
2012   Ballance, S., Kristiansen, K. A., Skogaker, N. T., Tvedt, K. E. and Christensen, B. E. The localisation of pectin in Sphagnum moss leaves and its role in preservation. Carbohyd. Polym. 87, 1326– 1332.
2012   Bergvik, M., Overrein, I., Bantle, M., Evjemo, J. O. and Rustad, T. Properties of Calanus finmarchicus biomass during frozen storage after heat inactivation of autolytic enzymes. Food Chemistry 132, 209–215.
2012   Dobrovolska, O., Shumilina, E., Gladyshev, V. N. and Dikiy, A. Structural Analysis of Glutaredoxin Domain of Mus musculus Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase. PLOS ONE 7, (12), e52914.
2012   Dobrovolska, O., Rychkov, G., Shumilina, E., Nerinovski, K., Schmidt, A., Shabalin, K., Yakimov, A. and Dikiy, A. Research Article - Structural Insights into Interaction between Mammalian Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B1 and Thioredoxin. J. Biomed.Biotech. 2012, 9p.
2012   Dybvik, A. I. Functional characterization of selected chitinases and chitosanases - a pathway to generate chitooligo-saccharides from chitosans. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2012   Dybwad, M., Granum, P. E., Bruheim, P. and Blatny, J. M. Characterization of airborne bacteria at an underground subway station. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1917–1929.
2012   Eide, K. B., Norberg, A. L., Heggset, E. B., Lindbom, A. R., Vårum, K. M., Eijsink, V. G. H. and Sørlie, M. Human chitotriosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of chitosan. Biochemistry 51, 487−495.
2012   Elde, A. C., Pettersen, R., Bruheim, P., Järnegren, J. and Johnsen, G. Pigmentation and Spectral Absorbance Signatures in Deep-Water Corals from the Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Mar. Drugs 10, 1400-1411.
2012   Fjellheim, A. J., Playfoot, K. J., Skjermo, J. and Vadstein, O. Inter-individual variation in the dominant intestinal microbiota of reared Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae. Aquac. Res. 43, 1499–1508.
2012   Forberg, T. Gnotobiotic Atlantic Cod Larvae (Gadhus morhua L.) as a tool to study host-microbe interactions. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2012   Forberg, T., Vestrum, R. I., Arukwe, A. and Vadstein, O. Bacterial composition and activity determines host gene-expression responses in gnotobiotic Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. Veterinary Microbiology 157, 420–427.
2012   Fuentes-Martínez, Y., Godoy-Alcántar, C., Medrano, F. and Dikiy, A. Kanamycin A: imine formation in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 25, 1395–1403.
2012   Garaiova, Z., Strand, S. P., Reitan, N. K., Lélu, S., Størset, S. Ø., Berg, K., Malmo, J., Folasire, O., Bjørkøy, A. and Davies, C. d. L. Cellular uptake of DNA–chitosan nanoparticles: The role of clathrin- and caveolae-mediated pathways. Int. J.Biol. Macromol. 51, 1043– 1051.
2012   González-Blanco, G., Beristain-Cardoso, R., Cuervo-López, F., Cervantes, F. J. and Gómez, J. Simultaneous oxidation of ammonium and p-cresol linked to nitrite reduction by denitrifying sludge. Bioresource Technol. 103, 48-55.
2012   Heggeset, T. M. B., Krog, A., Balzer, S., Wentzel, A., Ellingsen, T. E. and Brautaset, T. Genome Sequence of Thermotolerant Bacillus methanolicus: Features and Regulation Related to Methylotrophy and Production of L-Lysine and L-Glutamate from Methanol. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 78, (15), 5170-5181.
2012   Heggset, E. B., Tuveng, T. R., Hoell, I. A., Liu, Z., Eijsink, V. G. H. and Vårum, K. M. Mode of Action of a Family 75 Chitosanase from Streptomyces avermitilis. Biomacromolecules 13, 1733−1741.
2012:8   Heggset, E. B. Enzymatic degradation of chitosans – A study of the mode action of selected chitinases and chitosanases. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2012   Hernández-Montoya, V., Alvarez, L. H., Montes-Morán, M. A. and Cervantes, F. J. Reduction of quinone and non-quinone redox functional groups in different humic acid samples by Geobacter sulfurreducens. Geoderma 183–184, 25–31.
2012   Horn, S. J., Sørlie, M. S., Vårum, K. M., Väljamäe, P. and Eijsink, V. G. H. Measuring Processivity. In Methods in Enzymology. Edited by Gilbert, H. J., Elsevier. 69-95.
2012   Hultmann, L., Phu, T. M., Tobiassen, T., Aas-Hansen, Ø. and Rustad, T. Effects of pre-slaughter stress on proteolytic enzyme activities and muscle quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Food Chemistry 134, 1399–1408.
2012   Janecková, H., Hron, K., Wojtowicz, P., Hlídková, E., Baresová, A., Friedecký, D., Zídková, L., Hornik, P., Behúlová, D., Procházková, D., Vinohradská, H., Pesková, K., Bruheim, P., Smolka, V., St'astná, S. and Adam, T. Targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma samples for the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders. Journal of Chromatography A 1226, 11-17
2012   Kaster, K. M., Hiorth, A., Kjeilen-Eilertsen, G., Boccadoro, C., Lohne, A., Berland, H., Stavland, A. and Brakstad, O. G. Mechanisms involved in microbially enhanced oil recovery. Transport in Porous Media 91, 59–79.
2012   Keleşoğlu, S., Volden, S., Mürşide, K. and Sjöblom, J. Adsorption of Naphthenic Acids onto Mineral Surfaces Studied by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D). Energy Fuels 26, 5060−5068.
2012   Khong, T. T., Aachmann, F. L. and Vårum, K. M. Kinetics of de-N-acetylation of the chitin disaccharide in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Carbohydrate Research 352, 82–87.
2012   Kucharova, V. Expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli: The influence of the nucleotide sequences at the 5´ ends of target genes. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2012   Lamb, J. J., Eaton-Rye, J. J. and Hohmann-Marriott, M. F. An LED-based fluorometer for chlorophyll quantification in the laboratory and in the field. Photosynth. Res. 114, 59–68.
2012   Lee, S., Lee, S., Son, S.-W. and Holme, P. Phase-shift inversion in oscillator systems with periodically switching couplings. Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 85, 027202-1-027202-4.
2012   Lewin, A., Wentzel, A. and Valla, S. Metagenomics of microbial life in extreme temperature environments. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 24, in press.
2012   Lien, S. K., Sletta, H., Ellingsen, T. E., Valla, S., Correa, E., Goodacre, R., Vernstad, K., Borgos, S. E. F. and Bruheim, P. Investigating alginate production and carbon utilization in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 using mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling. Metabolomics, online.
2012   Lien, S. K., Kvitvang, H. F. N. and Bruheim, P. Utilization of a deuterated derivatization agent to synthesize internal standards for gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry quantification of silylated metabolites. Journal of Chromatography A 1247, 118– 124.
2012:223   Malmo, J. Chitosan-based nanocarriers for gene- and si RNA-delivery. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2012   Malmo, J., Sørgård, H., Vårum, K. M. and Strand, S. P. siRNA delivery with chitosan nanoparticles: Molecular properties favoring efficient gene silencing. Journal of Controlled Release 158, 261–268.
2012   Marino, S. M., Gladyshev, V. N. and Dikiy, A. Structural characterization of mammalian selenoproteins. In Selenium - Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health. Edited by Hatfield, D. L., Berry, M. J. and Gladyshev, V. N. Springer. 125-136.
2012   Martínez, C. M., Alvarez, L. H. and Cervantes, F. J. Simultaneous biodegradation of phenol and carbon tetrachloride mediated by humic acids. Biodegradation 23, 635–644.
2012   Medina, I., Undeland, I., Larsson, K., Storrø, I., Rustad, T., Jacobsen, C., Kristinová, V. and Gallardo, J. M. Activity of caffeic acid in different fish lipid matrices: A review. Food Chem. 131, (3), 730–740.
2012   Mørch, Y. A., Qi, M., Gundersen, P. O. M., Formo, K., Lacik, I., Skjåk-Bræk, G., Oberholzer, J. and Strand, B. L. Binding and leakage of barium in alginate microbeads. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A 100A, 2939–2947.
2012   Mørch, Y. A., Sandvig, I., Olsen, Ø., Donati, I., Thuen, M., Skjåk-Bræk, G., Haraldseth, O. and Brekken, C. Mn-alginate gels as a novel system for controlled release of Mn2+ in manganeseenhanced MRI. Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 7, 265–275.
2012   Navid, A. and Almaas, E. Genome-level transcription data of Yersinia pestis analyzed with a New metabolic constraint-based approach. BMC Systems Biology 6, (150), online.
2012   Nguyen, H. Q., Reinertsen, H., Rustad, T., Tran, T. M. and Kjørsvik, E. Evaluation of egg quality in broodstock cobia Rachycentron canadum L. Aquac. Res. 43, 371–385.
2012   Nilsen, L. H., Melø, T. M., Sæther, O., Witter, M. and Sonnewald, U. Altered neurochemical profile in the McGill-R-Thy1-APP rat model of Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal in vivo 1H MRS study. J. Neurochem. 123, 532--541.
2012   Olsen, Y., Tokle, N. E. and Vadstein, O. Hvordan forvalte vannmassene? Om samspillet mellom næringssalt-utslipp og det planktoniske økosystemet. In Kampen om plass på kysten. Edited by Hersoug, B. and Johnsen, J. P. Universitetsforlaget. 199-216.
2012   Qi, M., Mørch, Y., Lacík, I., Formo, K., Marchese, E., Wang, Y., Danielson, K., Kinzer, K., Wang, S., Barbaro, B., Kolláriková, G., Chorvát, D. J., Hunkeler, D., Skjåk-Bræk, G., Oberholzer, J. and Strand, B. L. Survival of human islets in microbeads containing high guluronic acid alginate crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+. Xenotransplantation 19, 355–364.
2012   Qin, F. Chemical and physical characterization for bioactive, soluble (1→3) β-D-glucans (SBG) from Saccharomyces sp. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
2012   Qin, F., Aachmann, F. L. and Christensen, B. E. Chain length distribution and aggregation of branched (1→3)-b-D-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisae. Carbohyd. Polym. 90, 1092– 1099.
2012   Reitan, N. K., Sporsheim, B., Bjørkøy, A., Strand, S. P. and de Lange Davies, C. Quantitative 3-D colocalization analysis as a tool to study the intracellular trafficking and dissociation of pDNA-chitosan polyplexes. Journal of Biomedical Optics 17, (2), 12s.
2012   Rustad, T. and Hayes, M. Marine bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates: Generation, isolation procedures, and biological and chemical characterizations - Protein and peptides from marine byproducts. In Marine bioactive compounds - Sources, characterization and applications. Edited by Hayes, M. Springer. 99-113.
2012   Saga, L. C., Kristinova, V., Kirkhus, B., Jacobsen, C., Skaret, J., Liland, K. H. and Rukke, E.-O. Characterization of oxidative stability of fish oil- and plant oil-enriched skimmed milk. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., online
2012   Shumilina, E., Solda, A., Gerashchenko, M., Gladyshev, V. N. and Dikiy, A. 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR resonance assignments of reduced full length and shortened forms of the Grx domain of Mus musculus TGR. Biomol NMR Assign 6, 103–107.
2012   Skjåk-Bræk, G. and Draget, K. I. Alginates: Properties and Applications. In Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference. Edited by Matyjaszewski, K. and Möller, M. Elsevier B.V. 213–220.
2012   Sletmoen, M., Maurstad, G., Nordgård, C. T., Draget, K. I. and Stokke, B. T. Oligoguluronate induced competitive displacement of mucin–alginate interactions: relevance for mucolytic function. Soft Matter 8, (32), 8413–8421.
2012   Standal, I. B., Rainuzzo, J., Axelson, D. E., Valdersnes, S., Julshamn, K. and Aursand, M. Classification of geographical origin by PNN analysis of fatty acid data and level of contaminants in oils from Peruvian anchovy. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89, (7), 1173-1182.
2012   Stenvik, J., Sletta, H., Grimstad, Ø., Pukstad, B., Ryan, L., Aune, R., Strand, W., Tøndervik, A., Torp, S. H., Skjåk-Bræk, G. and Espevik, T. Alginates induce differentiation and expression of CXCR7 and CXCL12/SDF-1 in human keratinocytes—The role of calcium. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 100, (10), 2803-2812.
2012   Thomas, L., Hodgson, D. A., Wentzel, A., Nieselt, K., Ellingsen, T. E., Moore, J., Morrissey, E. R., Legaie, R., Consortium, T. S., Wohlleben, W., Rodríguez-García, A., Martín, J. F., Burroughs, N. J., Wellington, E. M. H. and Smith, M. C. M. Metabolic switches and adaptations deduced from the proteomes of Streptomyces coelicolor wild yype and phoP mutant grown in batch culture. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 11, (2), 1-47.
2012   Vadstein, O., Andersen, T., Reinertsen, H. R. and Olsen, Y. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus resource supply and utilisation for coastal planktonic heterotrophic bacteria in a gradient of nutrient loading. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 447, 55–75.
2012   Vodyanova, I. V., Storrø, I., Olsen, A. and Rustad, T. Mathematical modelling of mixing of salt in minced meat by bowl-cutter. J. Food Eng. 112, 144–151.
2012   Vårum, K. M. Detailed characterization of chitosans, with special relevance to their use as substrates for chitinases. Chitin and Chitosan Research 18, (1), 43-46.
2012   Wentzel, A., Bruheim, P., Øverby, A., Jakobsen, Ø. M., Sletta, H., Omara, W. A. M., Hodgson, D. A. and Ellingsen, T. E. Optimized submerged batch fermentation strategy for systems scale studies of metabolic switching in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). BMC Systems Biology 6, (59), 1-16.
2012   Wentzel, A., Sletta, H., Consortium, S., Ellingsen, T. E. and Bruheim, P. Intracellular metabolite pool changes in response to nutrient depletion induced metabolic switching in Streptomyces coelicolor. Metabolites 2, 178-194.
2012   Wojtowicz, P., Zrostlíková, J., Šťastná, V., Dostálová, E., Žídková, L., Bruheim, P. and Adam, T. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Human Metabolomics. In Gas Chromatography – Biochemicals, Narcotics and Essential Oils. Edited by Salih, B. and Çelikbıçak, Ö. InTech. 29-50.
2012   Xie, M., Olderøy, M. Ø., Zhang, Z., Andreassen, J.-P., Strand, B. L. and Sikorski, P. Biocomposites prepared by alkaline phosphatase mediated mineralization of alginate microbeads. RSC Advances 2, 1457-1465.
2012   Zavareh, Z. and Almaas, E. Complex Network Analysis in Microbial Systems: Theory and Examples. In Microbial Systems Biology - Methods in Molecular Biology. Edited by Navid, A., Humana Press. 551-571.
2012   Zotchev, S. B., Sekurova, O. N. and Katz, L. Genome-based bioprospecting of microbes for new therapeutics. Biotechnology, in press.
2012   Zotchev, S. B. Marine actinomycetes as an emerging resource for the drug development pipelines. Journal. Biotechnol. 158, (4), 168–175.
2012   Zwick, F., Lale, R. and Valla, S. Strong stimulation of recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli by combining stimulatory control elements in the expression cassette. Microbial Cell Factories 11, (133), online.
2012   Aachmann, F. L., Sørlie, M., Skjåk-Bræk, G., Eijsink, V. G. H. and Vaaje-Kolstad, G. NMR structure of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase provides insight into copper binding, protein dynamics, and substrate interactions. PNAS Early Edition, 1-6.
2012  

Aarstad, O. A., Tøndervik, A., Sletta, H. and Skjåk-Bræk, G. (2012). Alginate sequencing: An analysis of block distribution in alginates using specific alginate degrading enzymes. Biomacromolecules 13, 106−116.